2025.  (a) Any party may obtain discovery within the scope delimited

by Section 2017, and subject to the restrictions set forth in

Section 2019, by taking in California the oral deposition of any

person, including any party to the action.  The person deposed may be

a natural person, an organization such as a public or private

corporation, a partnership, an association, or a governmental agency.

   (b) Subject to subdivisions (f) and (t), an oral deposition may be

taken as follows:

   (1) The defendant may serve a deposition notice without leave of

court at any time after that defendant has been served or has

appeared in the action, whichever occurs first.

   (2) The plaintiff may serve a deposition notice without leave of

court on any date that is 20 days after the service of the summons

on, or appearance by, any defendant.  However, on motion with or

without notice, the court, for good cause shown, may grant to a

plaintiff leave to serve a deposition notice on an earlier date.

   (c) A party desiring to take the oral deposition of any person

shall give notice in writing in the manner set forth in subdivision

(d).  However, where under subdivision (d) of Section 2020 only the

production by a nonparty of business records for copying is desired,

a copy of the deposition subpoena shall serve as the notice of

deposition.  The notice of deposition shall be given to every other

party who has appeared in the action.  The deposition notice, or the

accompanying proof of service, shall list all the parties or

attorneys for parties on whom it is served.

   Where, as defined in subdivision (a) of Section 1985.3, the party

giving notice of the deposition is a subpoenaing party, and the

deponent is a witness commanded by a deposition subpoena to produce

personal records of a consumer, the subpoenaing party shall serve on

that consumer (1) a notice of the deposition, (2) the notice of

privacy rights specified in subdivision (e) of Section 1985.3 and in

Section 1985.6, and (3) a copy of the deposition subpoena.

   (d) The deposition notice shall state all of the following:

   (1) The address where the deposition will be taken.

   (2) The date of the deposition, selected under subdivision (f),

and the time it will commence.

   (3) The name of each deponent, and the address and telephone

number, if known, of any deponent who is not a party to the action.

If the name of the deponent is not known, the deposition notice shall

set forth instead a general description sufficient to identify the

person or particular class to which the person belongs.

   (4) The specification with reasonable particularity of any

materials or category of materials to be produced by the deponent.

   (5) Any intention by the party noticing the deposition to record

the testimony by audio or video technology, in addition to recording

the testimony by the stenographic method as required by paragraph (1)

of subdivision (l) and any intention to record the testimony by

stenographic method through the instant visual display of the

testimony.  If the deposition will be conducted using instant visual

display, a copy of the deposition notice shall also be given to the

deposition officer.  Any offer to provide the instant visual display

of the testimony or to provide rough draft transcripts to any party

which is accepted prior to, or offered at, the deposition shall also

be made by the deposition officer at the deposition to all parties in

attendance.  Any party or attorney requesting the provision of the

instant visual display of the testimony, or rough draft transcripts,

shall pay the reasonable cost of those services, which may be no

greater than the costs charged to any other party or attorney.

   (6) Any intention to reserve the right to use at trial a video

recording of the deposition testimony of a treating or consulting

physician or of any expert witness under paragraph (4) of subdivision

(u).  In this event, the operator of the video camera shall be a

person who is authorized to administer an oath, and shall not be

financially interested in the action or be a relative or employee of

any attorney of any of the parties.

   If the deponent named is not a natural person, the deposition

notice shall describe with reasonable particularity the matters on

which examination is requested.  In that event, the deponent shall

designate and produce at the deposition those of its officers,

directors, managing agents, employees, or agents who are most

qualified to testify on its behalf as to those matters to the extent

of any information known or reasonably available to the deponent.  A

deposition subpoena shall advise a nonparty deponent of its duty to

make this designation, and shall describe with reasonable

particularity the matters on which examination is requested.

   If the attendance of the deponent is to be compelled by service of

a deposition subpoena under Section 2020, an identical copy of that

subpoena shall be served with the deposition notice.

   (e) (1) The deposition of a natural person, whether or not a party

to the action, shall be taken at a place that is, at the option of

the party giving notice of the deposition, either within 75 miles of

the deponent's residence, or within the county where the action is

pending and within 150 miles of the deponent's residence, unless the

court orders otherwise under paragraph (3).

   (2) The deposition of an organization that is a party to the

action shall be taken at a place that is, at the option of the party

giving notice of the deposition, either within 75 miles of the

organization's principal executive or business office in California,

or within the county where the action is pending and within 150 miles

of that office.  The deposition of any other organization shall be

taken within 75 miles of the organization's principal executive or

business office in California, unless the organization consents to a

more distant place.  If the organization has not designated a

principal executive or business office in California, the deposition

shall be taken at a place that is, at the option of the party giving

notice of the deposition, either within the county where the action

is pending, or within 75 miles of any executive or business office in

California of the organization.

   (3) A party desiring to take the deposition of a natural person

who is a party to the action or an officer, director, managing agent,

or employee of a party may make a motion for an order that the

deponent attend for deposition at a place that is more distant than

that permitted under paragraph (1).  This motion shall be accompanied

by a declaration stating facts showing a reasonable and good faith

attempt at an informal resolution of any issue presented by the

motion.

   In exercising its discretion to grant or deny this motion, the

court shall take into consideration any factor tending to show

whether the interests of justice will be served by requiring the

deponent's attendance at that more distant place, including, but not

limited to, the following:

   (A) Whether the moving party selected the forum.

   (B) Whether the deponent will be present to testify at the trial

of the action.

   (C) The convenience of the deponent.

   (D) The feasibility of conducting the deposition by written

questions under Section 2028, or of using a discovery method other

than a deposition.

   (E) The number of depositions sought to be taken at a place more

distant than that permitted under paragraph (1).

   (F) The expense to the parties of requiring the deposition to be

taken within the distance permitted under paragraph (1).

   (G) The whereabouts of the deponent at the time for which the

deposition is scheduled.

   The order may be conditioned on the advancement by the moving

party of the reasonable expenses and costs to the deponent for travel

to the place of deposition.

   The court shall impose a monetary sanction under Section 2023

against any party, person, or attorney who unsuccessfully makes or

opposes a motion to increase travel limits for a party deponent,

unless it finds that the one subject to the sanction acted with

substantial justification or that other circumstances make the

imposition of the sanction unjust.

   (f) An oral deposition shall be scheduled for a date at least 10

days after service of the deposition notice.  If, as defined in

subdivision (a) of Section 1985.3, the party giving notice of the

deposition is a subpoenaing party, and the deponent is a witness

commanded by a deposition subpoena to produce personal records of a

consumer, the deposition shall be scheduled for a date at least 20

days after issuance of that subpoena.  However, in unlawful detainer

actions, an oral deposition shall be scheduled for a date at least

five days after service of the deposition notice, but not later than

five days before trial.

   On motion or ex parte application of any party or deponent, for

good cause shown, the court may shorten or extend the time for

scheduling a deposition, or may stay its taking until the

determination of a motion for a protective order under subdivision

(i).

   (g) Any party served with a deposition notice that does not comply

with subdivisions (b) to (f), inclusive, waives any error or

irregularity unless that party promptly serves a written objection

specifying that error or irregularity at least three calendar days

prior to the date for which the deposition is scheduled, on the party

seeking to take the deposition and any other attorney or party on

whom the deposition notice was served.  If an objection is made three

calendar days before the deposition date, the objecting party shall

make personal service of that objection pursuant to Section 1011 on

the party who gave notice of the deposition.  Any deposition taken

after the service of a written objection shall not be used against

the objecting party under subdivision (u) if the party did not attend

the deposition and if the court determines that the objection was a

valid one.

   In addition to serving this written objection, a party may also

move for an order staying the taking of the deposition and quashing

the deposition notice.  This motion shall be accompanied by a

declaration stating facts showing a reasonable and good faith attempt

at an informal resolution of any issue presented by the motion.  The

taking of the deposition is stayed pending the determination of this

motion.

   The court shall impose a monetary sanction under Section 2023

against any party, person, or attorney who unsuccessfully makes or

opposes a motion to quash a deposition notice, unless it finds that

the one subject to the sanction acted with substantial justification

or that other circumstances make the imposition of the sanction

unjust.

   (h) (1) The service of a deposition notice under subdivision (c)

is effective to require any deponent who is a party to the action or

an officer, director, managing agent, or employee of a party to

attend and to testify, as well as to produce any document or tangible

thing for inspection and copying.

   (2) The attendance and testimony of any other deponent, as well as

the production by the deponent of any document or tangible thing for

inspection and copying, requires the service on the deponent of a

deposition subpoena under Section 2020.

   (3) A person may take, and any person other than the deponent may

attend, a deposition by telephone or other remote electronic means.

The court may expressly provide that a nonparty deponent may appear

at his or her deposition by telephone if it finds there is good cause

and no prejudice to any party.  A party deponent shall appear at his

or her deposition in person and be in the presence of the deposition

officer.  The procedures to implement this section shall be

established by court order in the specific action proceeding or by

the California Rules of Court.

   (i) Before, during, or after a deposition, any party, any

deponent, or any other affected natural person or organization may

promptly move for a protective order.  The motion shall be

accompanied by a declaration stating facts showing a reasonable and

good faith attempt at an informal resolution of each issue presented

by the motion.

   The court, for good cause shown, may make any order that justice

requires to protect any party, deponent, or other natural person or

organization from unwarranted annoyance, embarrassment, or

oppression, or undue burden and expense.  This protective order may

include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following

directions:

   (1) That the deposition not be taken at all.

   (2) That the deposition be taken at a different time.

   (3) That a video recording of the deposition testimony of a

treating or consulting physician or of any expert witness, intended

for possible use at trial under paragraph (4) of subdivision (u), be

postponed until the moving party has had an adequate opportunity to

prepare, by discovery deposition of the deponent, or other means, for

cross-examination.

   (4) That the deposition be taken at a place other than that

specified in the deposition notice, if it is within a distance

permitted by subdivision (e).

   (5) That the deposition be taken only on certain specified terms

and conditions.

   (6) That the deponent's testimony be taken by written, instead of

oral, examination.

   (7) That the method of discovery be interrogatories to a party

instead of an oral deposition.

   (8) That the testimony be recorded in a manner different from that

specified in the deposition notice.

   (9) That certain matters not be inquired into.

   (10) That the scope of the examination be limited to certain

matters.

   (11) That all or certain of the writings or tangible things

designated in the deposition notice not be produced, inspected, or

copied.

   (12) That designated persons, other than the parties to the action

and their officers and counsel, be excluded from attending the

deposition.

   (13) That a trade secret or other confidential research,

development, or commercial information not be disclosed or be

disclosed only to specified persons or only in a specified way.

   (14) That the parties simultaneously file specified documents

enclosed in sealed envelopes to be opened as directed by the court.

   (15) That the deposition be sealed and thereafter opened only on

order of the court.

   If the motion for a protective order is denied in whole or in

part, the court may order that the deponent provide or permit the

discovery against which protection was sought on those terms and

conditions that are just.

   The court shall impose a monetary sanction under Section 2023

against any party, person, or attorney who unsuccessfully makes or

opposes a motion for a protective order, unless it finds that the one

subject to the sanction acted with substantial justification or that

other circumstances make the imposition of the sanction unjust.

   (j) (1) If the party giving notice of a deposition fails to attend

or proceed with it, the court shall impose a monetary sanction under

Section 2023 against that party, or the attorney for that party, or

both, and in favor of any party attending in person or by attorney,

unless it finds that the one subject to the sanction acted with

substantial justification or that other circumstances make the

imposition of the sanction unjust.

   (2) If a deponent does not appear for a deposition because the

party giving notice of the deposition failed to serve a required

deposition subpoena, the court shall impose a monetary sanction under

Section 2023 against that party, or the attorney for that party, or

both, in favor of any other party who, in person or by attorney,

attended at the time and place specified in the deposition notice in

the expectation that the deponent's testimony would be taken, unless

the court finds that the one subject to the sanction acted with

substantial justification or that other circumstances make the

imposition of the sanction unjust.

   If a deponent on whom a deposition subpoena has been served fails

to attend a deposition or refuses to be sworn as a witness, the court

may impose on the deponent the sanctions described in subdivision

(h) of Section 2020.

   (3) If, after service of a deposition notice, a party to the

action or an officer, director, managing agent, or employee of a

party, or a person designated by an organization that is a party

under subdivision (d), without having served a valid objection under

subdivision (g), fails to appear for examination, or to proceed with

it, or to produce for inspection any document or tangible thing

described in the deposition notice, the party giving the notice may

move for an order compelling the deponent's attendance and testimony,

and the production for inspection of any document or tangible thing

described in the deposition notice.  This motion (A) shall set forth

specific facts showing good cause justifying the production for

inspection of any document or tangible thing described in the

deposition notice, and (B) shall be accompanied by a declaration

stating facts showing a reasonable and good faith attempt at an

informal resolution of each issue presented by it or, when the

deponent fails to attend the deposition and produce the documents or

things described in the deposition notice, by a declaration stating

that the petitioner has contacted the deponent to inquire about the

nonappearance.  If this motion is granted, the court shall also

impose a monetary sanction under Section 2023 against the deponent or

the party with whom the deponent is affiliated, unless it finds that

the one subject to the sanction acted with substantial justification

or that other circumstances make the imposition of the sanction

unjust.  On motion of any other party who, in person or by attorney,

attended at the time and place specified in the deposition notice in

the expectation that the deponent's testimony would be taken, the

court shall also impose a monetary sanction under Section 2023,

unless it finds that the one subject to the sanction acted with

substantial justification or that other circumstances make the

imposition of the sanction unjust.

   
If that party or party-affiliated deponent then fails to obey an

order compelling attendance, testimony, and production, the court may

make those orders that are just, including the imposition of an

issue sanction, an evidence sanction, or a terminating sanction under

Section 2023 against that party deponent or against the party with

whom the deponent is affiliated.  In lieu of, or in addition to, this

sanction, the court may impose a monetary sanction under Section

2023 against that deponent or against the party with whom that party

deponent is affiliated, and in favor of any party who, in person or

by attorney, attended in the expectation that the deponent's

testimony would be taken pursuant to that order.

   (k) Except as provided in paragraph (3) of subdivision (d) of

Section 2020, the deposition shall be conducted under the supervision

of an officer who is authorized to administer an oath and is subject

to all of the following requirements:

   (1) The officer shall not be financially interested in the action

and shall not be a relative or employee of any attorney of the

parties, or of any of the parties.

   (2) Services and products offered or provided by the deposition

officer or the entity providing the services of the deposition

officer to any party or to any party's attorney or third party who is

financing all or part of the action shall be offered to all parties

or their attorneys attending the deposition.  No service or product

may be offered or provided by the deposition officer or by the entity

providing the services of the deposition officer to any party or any

party's attorney or third party who is financing all or part of the

action unless the service or product is offered or provided to all

parties or their attorneys attending the deposition.  All services

and products offered or provided shall be made available at the same

time to all parties or their attorneys.

   (3) The deposition officer or the entity providing the services of

the deposition officer shall not provide to any party or any party's

attorney or third party who is financing all or part of the action

any service or product consisting of the deposition officer's

notations or comments regarding the demeanor of any witness,

attorney, or party present at the deposition.  The deposition officer

or entity providing the services of the deposition officer shall not

collect any personal identifying information about the witness as a

service or product to be provided to any party or third party who is

financing all or part of the action.

   (4) Upon the request of any party or any party's attorney

attending a deposition, any party or any party's attorney attending

the deposition shall enter in the record of the deposition all

services and products made available to that party or party's

attorney or third party who is financing all or part of the action by

the deposition officer or by the entity providing the services of

the deposition officer.  A party in the action who is not represented

by an attorney shall be informed by the noticing party or the party'

s attorney that the unrepresented party may request this statement.

   (5) Any objection to the qualifications of the deposition officer

shall be waived unless made before the deposition begins or as soon

thereafter as the ground for that objection becomes known or could be

discovered by reasonable diligence.

   (l) (1) The deposition officer shall put the deponent under oath.

Unless the parties agree or the court orders otherwise, the

testimony, as well as any stated objections, shall be taken

stenographically.  The party noticing the deposition may also record

the testimony by audio or video technology if the notice of

deposition stated an intention also to record the testimony by either

of those methods, or if all the parties agree that the testimony may

also be recorded by either of those methods.  Any other party, at

that party's expense, may make a simultaneous audio or video record

of the deposition, provided that other party promptly, and in no

event less than three calendar days before the date for which the

deposition is scheduled, serves a written notice of this intention to

make an audio or video record of the deposition testimony on the

party or attorney who noticed the deposition, on all other parties or

attorneys on whom the deposition notice was served under subdivision

(c), and on any deponent whose attendance is being compelled by a

deposition subpoena under Section 2020.  If this notice is given

three calendar days before the deposition date, it shall be made by

personal service under Section 1011.  Examination and

cross-examination of the deponent shall proceed as permitted at trial

under the provisions of the Evidence Code.

   (2) If the deposition is being recorded by means of audio or video

technology by, or at the direction of, any party, the following

procedure shall be observed:

   (A) The area used for recording the deponent's oral testimony

shall be suitably large, adequately lighted, and reasonably quiet.

   (B) The operator of the recording equipment shall be competent to

set up, operate, and monitor the equipment in the manner prescribed

in this subdivision.  The operator may be an employee of the attorney

taking the deposition unless the operator is also the deposition

officer.  However, if a video recording of deposition testimony is to

be used under paragraph (4) of subdivision (u), the operator of the

recording equipment shall be a person who is authorized to administer

an oath, and shall not be financially interested in the action or be

a relative or employee of any attorney of any of the parties, unless

all parties attending the deposition agree on the record to waive

these qualifications and restrictions.  Services and products offered

or provided by the deposition officer or the entity providing the

services of the deposition officer to any party or to any party's

attorney or third party who is financing all or part of the action

shall be offered or provided to all parties or their attorneys

attending the deposition.  No service or product may be offered or

provided by the deposition officer or by the entity providing the

services of the deposition officer to any party or any party's

attorney or third party who is financing all or part of the action

unless the service or product is offered or provided to all parties

or their attorneys attending the deposition.
  All services and

products offered or provided shall be made available at the same time

to all parties or their attorneys.  
The deposition officer or the

entity providing the services of the deposition officer shall not

provide to any party or any other person or entity any service or

product consisting of the deposition officer's notations or comments

regarding the demeanor of any witness, attorney, or party present at

the deposition.  
The deposition officer or the entity providing the

services of the deposition officer shall not collect any personal

identifying information about the witness as a service or product to

be provided to any party or third party who is financing all or part

of the action.  Upon the request of any party or any party's attorney

attending a deposition, any party or any party's attorney attending

the deposition shall enter in the record of the deposition all

services and products made available to that party or party's

attorney or third party who is financing all or part of the action by

the deposition officer or by the entity providing the services of

the deposition officer.  A party in the action who is not represented

by an attorney shall be informed by the noticing party that the

unrepresented party may request this statement.

   (C) The operator shall not distort the appearance or the demeanor

of participants in the deposition by the use of camera or sound

recording techniques.

   
(D) The deposition shall begin with an oral or written statement

on camera or on the audio recording that includes the operator's name

and business address, the name and business address of the operator'

s employer, the date, time, and place of the deposition, the caption

of the case, the name of the deponent, a specification of the party

on whose behalf the deposition is being taken, and any stipulations

by the parties.

   (E) Counsel for the parties shall identify themselves on camera or

on the audio recording.

   (F) The oath shall be administered to the deponent on camera or on

the audio recording.

   (G) If the length of a deposition requires the use of more than

one unit of tape or electronic storage, the end of each unit and the

beginning of each succeeding unit shall be announced on camera

or on the audio recording.

   
(H) At the conclusion of a deposition, a statement shall be made

on camera or on the audio recording that the deposition is ended and

shall set forth any stipulations made by counsel concerning the

custody of the audiotape or videotape recording and the exhibits, or

concerning other pertinent matters.

   (I) A party intending to offer an audio or video recording of a

deposition in evidence under subdivision (u) shall notify the court

and all parties in writing of that intent and of the parts of the

deposition to be offered within sufficient time for objections to be

made and ruled on by the judge to whom the case is assigned for trial

or hearing, and for any editing of the recording.  Objections to all

or part of the deposition shall be made in writing.  The court may

permit further designations of testimony and objections as justice

may require.  With respect to those portions of an audio or video

record of deposition testimony that are not designated by any party

or that are ruled to be objectionable, the court may order that the

party offering the recording of the deposition at the trial or

hearing suppress those portions, or that an edited version of the

deposition recording be prepared for use at the trial or hearing.

The original audio or video record of the deposition shall be

preserved unaltered.  If no stenographic record of the deposition

testimony has previously been made, the party offering a videotape or

an audiotape recording of that testimony under subdivision (u) shall

accompany that offer with a stenographic transcript prepared from

that recording.

   (3) In lieu of participating in the oral examination, parties may

transmit written questions in a sealed envelope to the party taking

the deposition for delivery to the deposition officer, who shall

unseal the envelope and propound them to the deponent after the oral

examination has been completed.

   (m) (1) The protection of information from discovery on the ground

that it is privileged or that it is a protected work product under

Section 2018 is waived unless a specific objection to its disclosure

is timely made during the deposition.

   (2) Errors and irregularities of any kind occurring at the oral

examination that might be cured if promptly presented are waived

unless a specific objection to them is timely made during the

deposition.  These errors and irregularities include, but are not

limited to, those relating to the manner of taking the deposition, to

the oath or affirmation administered, to the conduct of a party,

attorney, deponent, or deposition officer, or to the form of any

question or answer.  Unless the objecting party demands that the

taking of the deposition be suspended to permit a motion for a

protective order under subdivision (n), the deposition shall proceed

subject to the objection.

   (3) Objections to the competency of the deponent, or to the

relevancy, materiality, or admissibility at trial of the testimony or

of the materials produced are unnecessary and are not waived by

failure to make them before or during the deposition.

   (4) If a deponent fails to answer any question or to produce any

document or tangible thing under the deponent's control that is

specified in the deposition notice or a deposition subpoena, the

party seeking that answer or production may adjourn the deposition or

complete the examination on other matters without waiving the right

at a later time to move for an order compelling that answer or

production under subdivision (o).

   (n) The deposition officer may not suspend the taking of testimony

without the stipulation of all parties present unless any party

attending the deposition, including the deponent, demands that the

deposition officer suspend taking the testimony to enable that party

or deponent to move for a protective order on the ground that the

examination is being conducted in bad faith or in a manner that

unreasonably annoys, embarrasses, or oppresses that deponent or

party.  This motion shall be accompanied by a declaration stating

facts showing a reasonable and good faith attempt at an informal

resolution of each issue presented by the motion.  The court, for

good cause shown, may terminate the examination or may limit the

scope and manner of taking the deposition as provided in subdivision

(i).  If the order terminates the examination, the deposition shall

not thereafter be resumed, except on order of the court.

   The court shall impose a monetary sanction under Section 2023

against any party, person, or attorney who unsuccessfully makes or

opposes a motion for this protective order, unless it finds that the

one subject to the sanction acted with substantial justification or

that other circumstances make the imposition of the sanction unjust.

   (o) If a deponent fails to answer any question or to produce any

document or tangible thing under the deponent's control that is

specified in the deposition notice or a deposition subpoena, the

party seeking discovery may move the court for an order compelling

that answer or production.  This motion shall be made no later than

60 days after the completion of the record of the deposition, and

shall be accompanied by a declaration stating facts showing a

reasonable and good faith attempt at an informal resolution of each

issue presented by the motion.  Notice of this motion shall be given

to all parties, and to the deponent either orally at the examination,

or by subsequent service in writing.  If the notice of the motion is

given orally, the deposition officer shall direct the deponent to

attend a session of the court at the time specified in the notice.

Not less than five days prior to the hearing on this motion, the

moving party shall lodge with the court a certified copy of any parts

of the stenographic transcript of the deposition that are relevant

to the motion.  If a deposition is recorded by audio or video

technology, the moving party is required to lodge a certified copy of

a transcript of any parts of the deposition that are relevant to the

motion.  If the court determines that the answer or production

sought is subject to discovery, it shall order that the answer be

given or the production be made on the resumption of the deposition.

   The court shall impose a monetary sanction under Section 2023

against any party, person, or attorney who unsuccessfully makes or

opposes a motion to compel answer or production, unless it finds that

the one subject to the sanction acted with substantial justification

or that other circumstances make the imposition of the sanction

unjust.

   If a deponent fails to obey an order entered under this

subdivision, the failure may be considered a contempt of court.  In

addition, if the disobedient deponent is a party to the action or an

officer, director, managing agent, or employee of a party, the court

may make those orders that are just against the disobedient party, or

against the party with whom the disobedient deponent is affiliated,

including the imposition of an issue sanction, an evidence sanction,

or a terminating sanction under Section 2023.  In lieu of, or in

addition to, this sanction, the court may impose a monetary sanction

under Section 2023 against that party deponent or against any party

with whom the deponent is affiliated.

   (p) Unless the parties agree otherwise, the testimony at any

deposition recorded by stenographic means shall be transcribed.  The

party noticing the deposition shall bear the cost of that

transcription, unless the court, on motion and for good cause shown,

orders that the cost be borne or shared by another party.

Notwithstanding paragraph (2) of subdivision (k), any other party or

the deponent, at the expense of the party or deponent, may obtain a

copy of the transcript.  If the deposition officer receives a request

from a party for an original or a copy of the deposition transcript,

or any portion thereof, and the full or partial transcript will be

available to that party prior to the time the original or copy would

be available to any other party, the deposition officer shall

immediately notify all other parties attending the deposition of the

request, and shall, upon request by any party other than the party

making the original request, make that copy of the full or partial

deposition transcript available to all parties at the same time.

Stenographic notes of depositions shall be retained by the reporter

for a period of not less than eight years from the date of the

deposition, where no transcript is produced, and not less than one

year from the date on which the transcript is produced.  Those notes

may be either on paper or electronic media, as long as it allows for

satisfactory production of a transcript at any time during the

periods specified.  At the request of any other party to the action,

including a party who did not attend the taking of the deposition

testimony, any party who records or causes the recording of that

testimony by means of audio or video technology shall promptly (1)

permit that other party to hear the audio recording or to view the

video recording, and (2) furnish a copy of the audio or video

recording to that other party on receipt of payment of the reasonable

cost of making that copy of the recording.

   If the testimony at the deposition is recorded both

stenographically, and by audio or video technology, the stenographic

transcript is the official record of that testimony for the purpose

of the trial and any subsequent hearing or appeal.

   (q) (1) If the deposition testimony is stenographically recorded,

the deposition officer shall send written notice to the deponent and

to all parties attending the deposition when the original transcript

of the testimony for each session of the deposition is available for

reading, correcting, and signing, unless the deponent and the

attending parties agree on the record that the reading, correcting,

and signing of the transcript of the testimony will be waived or that

the reading, correcting, and signing of a transcript of the

testimony will take place after the entire deposition has been

concluded or at some other specific time.  For 30 days following each

notice, unless the attending parties and the deponent agree on the

record or otherwise in writing to a longer or shorter time period,

the deponent may change the form or the substance of the answer to a

question, and may either approve the transcript of the deposition by

signing it, or refuse to approve the transcript by not signing it.

   Alternatively, within this same period, the deponent may change

the form or the substance of the answer to any question and may

approve or refuse to approve the transcript by means of a letter to

the deposition officer signed by the deponent which is mailed by

certified or registered mail with return receipt requested.  A copy

of that letter shall be sent by first-class mail to all parties

attending the deposition.  For good cause shown, the court may

shorten the 30-day period for making changes, approving, or refusing

to approve the transcript.

   The deposition officer shall indicate on the original of the

transcript, if the deponent has not already done so at the office of

the deposition officer, any action taken by the deponent and indicate

on the original of the transcript, the deponent's approval of, or

failure or refusal to approve, the transcript.  The deposition

officer shall also notify in writing the parties attending the

deposition of any changes which the deponent timely made in person.

If the deponent fails or refuses to approve the transcript within the

allotted period, the deposition shall be given the same effect as

though it had been approved, subject to any changes timely made by

the deponent.  However, on a seasonable motion to suppress the

deposition, accompanied by a declaration stating facts showing a

reasonable and good faith attempt at an informal resolution of each

issue presented by the motion, the court may determine that the

reasons given for the failure or refusal to approve the transcript

require rejection of the deposition in whole or in part.

   The court shall impose a monetary sanction under Section 2023

against any party, person, or attorney who unsuccessfully makes or

opposes a motion to suppress a deposition, unless it finds that the

one subject to the sanction acted with substantial justification or

that other circumstances make the imposition of the sanction unjust.

   (2) If there is no stenographic transcription of the deposition,

the deposition officer shall send written notice to the deponent and

to all parties attending the deposition that the audio or video

recording made by, or at the direction of, any party, is available

for review, unless the deponent and all these parties agree on the

record to waive the hearing or viewing of the audio or video

recording of the testimony.  For 30 days following this notice the

deponent, either in person or by signed letter to the deposition

officer, may change the substance of the answer to any question.

   The deposition officer shall set forth in a writing to accompany

the recording any changes made by the deponent, as well as either the

deponent's signature identifying the deposition as his or her own,

or a statement of the deponent's failure to supply the signature, or

to contact the officer within the allotted period.  When a deponent

fails to contact the officer within the allotted period, or expressly

refuses by a signature to identify the deposition as his or her own,

the deposition shall be given the same effect as though signed.

However, on a reasonable motion to suppress the deposition,

accompanied by a declaration stating facts showing a reasonable and

good faith attempt at an informal resolution of each issue presented

by the motion, the court may determine that the reasons given for the

refusal to sign require rejection of the deposition in whole or in

part.

   The court shall impose a monetary sanction under Section 2023

against any party, person, or attorney who unsuccessfully makes or

opposes a motion to suppress a deposition, unless it finds that the

one subject to the sanction acted with substantial justification or

that other circumstances make the imposition of the sanction unjust.

   (r) (1) The deposition officer shall certify on the transcript of

the deposition, or in a writing accompanying an audio or video record

of deposition testimony as described in paragraph (2) of subdivision

(q), that the deponent was duly sworn and that the transcript or

recording is a true record of the testimony given.

   (2) When prepared as a rough draft transcript, the transcript of

the deposition may not be certified and may not be used, cited, or

transcribed as the certified transcript of the deposition

proceedings.  The rough draft transcript may not be cited or used in

any way or at any time to rebut or contradict the certified

transcript of deposition proceedings as provided by the deposition

officer.

   (s) (1) The certified transcript of a deposition shall not be

filed with the court.  Instead, the deposition officer shall securely

seal that transcript in an envelope or package endorsed with the

title of the action and marked:  "Deposition of (here insert name of

deponent)," and shall promptly transmit it to the attorney for the

party who noticed the deposition.  This attorney shall store it under

conditions that will protect it against loss, destruction, or

tampering.

   The attorney to whom the transcript of a deposition is transmitted

shall retain custody of it until six months after final disposition

of the action.  At that time, the transcript may be destroyed, unless

the court, on motion of any party and for good cause shown, orders

that the transcript be preserved for a longer period.

   (2) An audio or video record of deposition testimony made by, or

at the direction of, any party, including a certified tape made by an

operator qualified under subparagraph (B) of paragraph (2) of

subdivision (l), shall not be filed with the court.  Instead, the

operator shall retain custody of that record and shall store it under

conditions that will protect it against loss, destruction, or

tampering, and preserve as far as practicable the quality of the

recording and the integrity of the testimony and images it contains.

   At the request of any party to the action, including a party who

did not attend the taking of the deposition testimony, or at the

request of the deponent, that operator shall promptly (A) permit the

one making the request to hear or to view the recording on receipt of

payment of a reasonable charge for providing the facilities for

hearing or viewing the recording, and (B) furnish a copy of the audio

or video recording to the one making the request on receipt of

payment of the reasonable cost of making that copy of the recording.

   The attorney or operator who has custody of an audio or video

record of deposition testimony made by, or at the direction of, any

party, shall retain custody of it until six months after final

disposition of the action.  At that time, the audio or video

recording may be destroyed or erased, unless the court, on motion of

any party and for good cause shown, orders that the recording be

preserved for a longer period.

   (t) Once any party has taken the deposition of any natural person,

including that of a party to the action, neither the party who gave,

nor any other party who has been served with a deposition notice

pursuant to subdivision (c) may take a subsequent deposition of that

deponent.  However, for good cause shown, the court may grant leave

to take a subsequent deposition, and the parties, with the consent of

any deponent who is not a party, may stipulate that a subsequent

deposition be taken.  This subdivision does not preclude taking one

subsequent deposition of a natural person who has previously been

examined (1) as a result of that person's designation to testify on

behalf of an organization under subdivision (d), or (2), pursuant to

a court order under Section 485.230, for the limited purpose of

discovering pursuant to Section 485.230 the identity, location, and

value of property in which the deponent has an interest.  This

subdivision does not authorize the taking of more than one subsequent

deposition for the limited purpose of Section 485.230.

   (u) At the trial or any other hearing in the action, any part or

all of a deposition may be used against any party who was present or

represented at the taking of the deposition, or who had due notice of

the deposition and did not serve a valid objection under subdivision

(g), so far as admissible under the rules of evidence applied as

though the deponent were then present and testifying as a witness, in

accordance with the following provisions:

   (1) Any party may use a deposition for the purpose of

contradicting or impeaching the testimony of the deponent as a

witness, or for any other purpose permitted by the Evidence Code.

   (2) An adverse party may use for any purpose, a deposition of a

party to the action, or of anyone who at the time of taking the

deposition was an officer, director, managing agent, employee, agent,

or designee under subdivision (d) of a party.  It is not ground for

objection to the use of a deposition of a party under this paragraph

by an adverse party that the deponent is available to testify, has

testified, or will testify at the trial or other hearing.

   (3) Any party may use for any purpose the deposition of any person

or organization, including that of any party to the action, if the

court finds any of the following:

   (A) The deponent resides more than 150 miles from the place of the

trial or other hearing.

   (B) The deponent, without the procurement or wrongdoing of the

proponent of the deposition for the purpose of preventing testimony

in open court, is (i) exempted or precluded on the ground of

privilege from testifying concerning the matter to which the deponent'

s testimony is relevant, (ii) disqualified from testifying, (iii)

dead or unable to attend or testify because of existing physical or

mental illness or infirmity, (iv) absent from the trial or other

hearing and the court is unable to compel the deponent's attendance

by its process, or (v) absent from the trial or other hearing and the

proponent of the deposition has exercised reasonable diligence but

has been unable to procure the deponent's attendance by the court's

process.

   (C) Exceptional circumstances exist that make it desirable to

allow the use of any deposition in the interests of justice and with

due regard to the importance of presenting the testimony of witnesses

orally in open court.

   (4) Any party may use a video recording of the deposition

testimony of a treating or consulting physician or of any expert

witness even though the deponent is available to testify if the

deposition notice under subdivision (d) reserved the right to use the

deposition at trial, and if that party has complied with

subparagraph (I) of paragraph (2) of subdivision (l).

   (5) Subject to the requirements of this section, a party may offer

in evidence all or any part of a deposition, and if the party

introduces only part of the deposition, any other party may introduce

any other parts that are relevant to the parts introduced.

   (6) Substitution of parties does not affect the right to use

depositions previously taken.

   (7) When an action has been brought in any court of the United

States or of any state, and another action involving the same subject

matter is subsequently brought between the same parties or their

representatives or successors in interest, all depositions lawfully

taken and duly filed in the initial action may be used in the

subsequent action as if originally taken in that subsequent action.

A deposition previously taken may also be used as permitted by the

Evidence Code.

   (v) Violation of subdivision (k) by any person may result in a

civil penalty of up to five thousand dollars ($5,000) imposed by a

court of competent jurisdiction.

2025.5.  (a) Notwithstanding paragraph (2) of subdivision (k) of

Section 2025, unless the court issues an order to the contrary, a

copy of the transcript of the deposition testimony made by, or at the

direction of, any party, or an audio or video recording of the

deposition testimony, if still in the possession of the deposition

officer, shall be made available by the deposition officer to any

person requesting a copy upon payment of a reasonable charge set by

the deposition officer.

   (b) If a copy is requested from the deposition officer, the

deposition officer shall mail a notice to all parties attending the

deposition and to the deponent at his or her last known address

advising them that (1) the copy is being sought, (2) the name of the

person requesting the copy, and (3) the right to seek a protective

order pursuant to subdivision (i) of Section 2025.  If a protective

order is not served on the deposition officer within 30 days of the

mailing of the notice, the deposition officer shall make the copy

available to the person requesting the copy.

   (c) This section shall apply only to recorded testimony taken at

depositions occurring on or after January 1, 1998.